Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease: Understanding the connection

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are closely connected, and the health of one directly influences the health of the other. Research shows that individuals living with CKD are at a higher risk of developing CVD, and vice versa. Understanding how the kidneys and heart work together is essential for preventing and managing these health conditions. 

The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body, delivering nutrients and removing waste. The kidneys filter blood, removing toxins and excess fluid while helping regulate blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and red blood cell production. When cardiac function declines, the kidneys may not receive enough blood flow to perform these vital tasks. Chronic kidney damage from multiple causes can impair the kidneys’ ability to produce erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production. Low EPO levels can lead to anemia, which places additional strain on both the heart and kidneys. 

When the kidneys are unable to filter waste and fluid effectively, these substances accumulate in the body. Fluid overload and rising blood pressure force the heart to work harder, increasing the risk of heart failure and other cardiovascular complications. This bidirectional relationship means that damage to one organ system can accelerate damage in the other. 

Because of this interdependence, protecting heart health is a critical component of kidney disease management, especially as CKD progresses toward end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). An appropriately prescribed kidney care plan can help address cardiovascular complications and may slow the progression of both CKD and CVD.  

What are some symptoms of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease?

CVD is the leading cause of death worldwide, responsible for an estimated 17.9 million deaths each year. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, and others. In some cases, a heart attack or a stroke may be the first sign of an underlying condition. Symptoms of a heart attack may include: 

• Shortness of breath 
• Nausea and/or vomiting 
• Pain or discomfort in the chest, arms, left shoulder, elbows, jaw, or back 

Some symptoms of CVD overlap with those of CKD, such as fatigue, decreased appetite, and swollen feet and ankles. However, CKD often develops silently, and many people do not experience noticeable symptoms until the kidney disease is more advanced. For this reason, individuals at risk are encouraged to undergo yearly screenings for kidney disease. However, some possible symptoms of CKD may include: 

• Dry and itchy skin 
• Frequent urination 
• High blood pressure 

Caring for the kidneys and the heart 

Because CKD and CVD are so closely linked, effective care requires a comprehensive and holistic approach that supports the kidneys and the heart. Early detection, evidence-based treatment, and ongoing collaboration between patients and their care teams can help slow disease progression and improve long-term outcomes.